🔹 大学英语四级 CET‑4（5词）

1. presume /prɪˈzjuːm/ (US also /prɪˈzuːm/) - 释义：vt./vi. 假定，推测；擅自，冒昧（做某事） - 同义词：assume, suppose, take for granted - 近义词：believe, infer, conjecture - 反义词：doubt, question, disprove - 易误用词：assume（assume 更口语且常指无依据猜想；presume 偏”有理由地推定”）；presumptuous（adj. 放肆的，勿混淆） - 例句： 1. I presume you’ve already finished the report. ——日常会话 2. In English law, a person is presumed innocent until proven guilty. ——《English Legal System》 3. The court presumed that the contract was entered into voluntarily. ——《Contract Law Cases》 4. Don’t presume to tell me how to run my department. ——《Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary》例 5. If a letter is not answered, we usually presume it reached its destination. ——《Practical English Usage》 6. Scientists presume that the virus originated in animals. ——《Nature Briefings》 7. He presumed too much on their friendship and asked for money. ——《Collins COBUILD》 8. The missing are presumed dead after the wreckage was found. ——《BBC News》报道风格 9. We can presume from his tone that he was being sarcastic. ——《Cambridge Grammar in Use》拓展例 10. It is dangerous to presume all users have high-speed internet. ——《Technical Writing for Software Docs》

2. reveal /rɪˈviːl/ - 释义：vt. 揭露，透露；（事物）显现，展示 n.（建）门窗侧墙 - 同义词：disclose, expose, unveil, show - 近义词：manifest, divulge, lay bare - 反义词：conceal, hide, cover up, withhold - 易误用词：revile（辱骂，拼写近似）；revel（狂欢，拼写相近） - 例句： 1. The investigation revealed serious safety violations. ——《New York Times》报道 2. He refused to reveal his source of information. ——《Journalism Ethics Manual》 3. The x-ray revealed a small fracture in the wrist bone. ——《Mayo Clinic Patient Info》 4. DNA evidence revealed the suspect’s identity. ——《Forensic Science Textbook》 5. The ending of the novel reveals the narrator’s true motive. ——《Introduction to Literary Analysis》 6. Microscopy reveals how the cells communicate. ——《Cell Biology Journal》 7. She revealed her plan only after the contract was signed. ——《Harvard Business Review》案例 8. The painting reveals the artist’s obsession with light. ——《Art History Survey》 9. Do not reveal personal data without consent. ——《GDPR Compliance Guide》 10. A hidden door was revealed when the bookshelf swung open. ——《Architecture Digest》描述

3. substantial /səbˈstænʃl/ - 释义：adj. 大量的，可观的；实质的；坚固的；富有的 - 同义词：considerable, significant, sizable, solid - 近义词：large, material, tangible, wealthy - 反义词：insubstantial, negligible, trivial, flimsy - 易误用词：substantive（实质性的/有独立意义的，多用于法律/语法，勿完全等同）；substance（n. 物质/实质） - 例句： 1. The company made a substantial profit this quarter. ——《Wall Street Journal》 2. There is substantial evidence linking smoking to lung cancer. ——《Lancet Medical Journal》 3. They live in a substantial brick house on the outskirts. ——《British Novel Excerpt》 4. A substantial portion of the budget goes to research. ——《University Budget Report》 5. The two sides reached substantial agreement before signing. ——《Diplomatic Negotiation Handbook》 6. He inherited a substantial sum from his grandmother. ——《Probate Court Records》例 7. Substantial changes were made to the original proposal. ——《Academic Writing Guide》 8. The bridge is built on a substantial concrete foundation. ——《Civil Engineering Textbook》 9. Critics argue the reform lacks substantial impact. ——《The Economist》 10. A substantial number of students opted for online classes. ——《Higher Education Statistics》

4. maintain /meɪnˈteɪn/ - 释义：vt. 维持；保养；坚持（主张）；赡养 - 同义词：keep up, sustain, preserve, assert, support - 近义词：uphold, retain, contend (that) - 反义词：abandon, neglect, discontinue, refute (主张相反) - 易误用词：retain（保留在手中/记忆中，不强调持续保养）；maintenance（n. 维护/赡养费） - 例句： 1. It is important to maintain a healthy work-life balance. ——《Harvard Health Publishing》 2. The city must maintain its roads and bridges regularly. ——《Municipal Management Guide》 3. He maintains that the policy will benefit low-income families. ——《Supreme Court Oral Argument》风格 4. Please maintain silence in the library at all times. ——图书馆告示 5. Parents are legally obliged to maintain their minor children. ——《Family Law Textbook》 6. The aircraft is meticulously maintained according to FAA regulations. ——《Aviation Safety Manual》 7. We strive to maintain good relations with our suppliers. ——《Supply Chain Management》 8. Despite pressure, she maintained her innocence throughout. ——《Criminal Defense Case Summary》 9. The server maintains a log of all incoming requests. ——《Computer Networking—Kurose & Ross》 10. Can the ecosystem maintain itself without human intervention? ——《Ecology: Principles and Applications》

5. valid /ˈvælɪd/ - 释义：adj.（理由、论据）有根据的，合理的；（证件、合同）有效的 - 同义词：legitimate, sound, binding, well-founded - 近义词：cogent, authentic, operative - 反义词：invalid, void, baseless, fallacious - 易误用词：valuable（有价值的，勿混淆）；validate（v. 证实/使生效） - 例句： 1. Your parking permit is valid for one academic year. ——大学注册处通知 2. The lawyer questioned whether the will was still valid. ——《Wills & Estates Law》 3. That is not a valid argument—it contains a logical fallacy. ——《Critical Thinking: A Beginner’s Guide》 4. Please enter a valid email address to complete registration. ——Web Form Error Message 5. The study used a statistically valid sample size. ——《Research Methods in Psychology》 6. Is the passport valid for travel to EU countries? ——Travel Advisory 7. The court found the search warrant invalid because it lacked probable cause. ——《Constitutional Law Cases》 8. Only valid tickets will be accepted at the gate. ——Concert Venue Policy 9. His objection was valid but poorly timed. ——《Business Communication Handbook》 10. To be valid, the treaty must be ratified by both parliaments. ——《International Law Textbook》

🔸 大学英语六级 CET‑6（5词）

1. discriminate /dɪˈskrɪmɪneɪt/ - 释义：vi. 区别，辨别（~ between）；歧视，不公对待（~ against）vt. 分辨出 - 同义词：differentiate, distinguish, segregate (贬义语境) - 近义词：tell apart, separate, show bias (against) - 反义词：treat equally, ignore differences, confound - 易误用词：discriminate（动词）vs discrimination（n. 歧视/分辨力）；discrete（分离的，形近） - 例句： 1. Young children cannot yet discriminate between right and wrong. ——《Child Development Textbook》 2. It is illegal to discriminate against employees on the basis of gender. ——《U.S. Civil Rights Act Summary》 3. The test can discriminate healthy tissue from tumor cells. ——《Medical Imaging Journal》 4. Consumers discriminate among brands based on price and quality. ——《Consumer Behavior—Solomon》 5. The law prohibits discriminating in housing advertisements. ——《Fair Housing Act Guide》 6. Birds can discriminate colors that humans cannot see. ——《Ornithology: An Introduction》 7. He was accused of discriminating in favor of his former colleagues. ——《HR Ethics Case Study》 8. Statistical methods help discriminate signal from noise. ——《Data Science for Business》 9. Historically, such policies discriminated against minority groups. ——《Sociology: A Global Perspective》 10. The ability to discriminate subtle nuances in tone is crucial for interpreters. ——《Translation Studies Reader》

2. provoke /prəˈvoʊk/ - 释义：vt. 激怒，挑衅；引起，激发（反应、思考等） - 同义词：arouse, incite, trigger, elicit, irritate - 近义词：stimulate, anger, prompt - 反义词：calm, soothe, pacify, deter - 易误用词：evoke（唤起情感/记忆，较中性）；provoke 含”刺激至反应/愤怒”之意 - 例句： 1. The opposition leader’s speech provoked an angry response. ——《Reuters》报道 2. Hunger can provoke irritability in young children. ——《Pediatrics Daily》 3. The film provokes audiences to rethink consumer culture. ——《Film Criticism Quarterly》 4. Don’t provoke the dog—it’s not used to strangers. ——宠物饲养手册 5. The new tax policy provoked widespread protests. ——《Financial Times》 6. This chemical provokes an allergic reaction in sensitive individuals. ——《Pharmacology Textbook》 7. His sarcasm was intended to provoke a debate, not a fight. ——《Interpersonal Communication》 8. The judge warned the defendant not to provoke the witness. ——庭审记录风格 9. A single mismatched pixel can provoke false positives in the algorithm. ——《Pattern Recognition Text》 10. Ancient philosophers used paradoxes to provoke critical thinking. ——《History of Western Philosophy》

3. intrinsic /ɪnˈtrɪnzɪk/ - 释义：adj.（价值、性质）固有的，内在的，本质的（↔︎ extrinsic） - 同义词：inherent, innate, essential, built-in - 近义词：internal, fundamental - 反义词：extrinsic, superficial, acquired, accidental - 易误用词：intrinsic vs extrinic（外在赋予的，如金钱奖励）；instinctive（本能的，近义但不同） - 例句： 1. Curiosity is an intrinsic part of human nature. ——《Cognitive Psychology》 2. The painting has little intrinsic value but great sentimental worth. ——《Art Appraisal Guide》 3. Motivation can be intrinsic (from interest) or extrinsic (from reward). ——《Educational Psychology—Deci & Ryan》 4. The intrinsic difficulty of the problem discouraged beginners. ——《Advanced Mathematics Preface》 5. Gold has intrinsic value due to its rarity and properties. ——《Principles of Economics—Mankiw》 6. Intrinsic muscle tension helps stabilize the joint. ——《Human Anatomy Atlas》 7. An intrinsic flaw in the design caused the system to fail. ——《Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach》 8. Some languages have intrinsic support for concurrency. ——《Programming Language Concepts》 9. The character’s intrinsic goodness is tested by adversity. ——《Narrative Fiction Analysis》 10. Intrinsic barriers include lack of confidence and prior knowledge. ——《TESOL Teaching Research》

4. consensus /kənˈsensəs/ - 释义：n.（意见、看法的）一致同意，共识 - 同义词：agreement, accord, unanimity - 近义词：harmony, concurrence - 反义词：disagreement, discord, dissension, polarization - 易误用词：consensus 为单数不可数（不说 a consensus of opinions 累赘）；consent（n./v. 同意/准许，偏法律个人授权） - 例句： 1. There is a broad scientific consensus on climate change. ——《IPCC Summary for Policymakers》 2. The board reached a consensus after three rounds of voting. ——《Corporate Governance Handbook》 3. No consensus emerged from the fractious committee meeting. ——《The New Yorker》 4. Consensus decision-making values every member’s input. ——《Facilitation Skills Manual》 5. Historians have yet to reach consensus on the cause of the collapse. ——《World History Encyclopedia》 6. By general consensus, the keynote was the highlight of the conference. ——会议总结报告 7. The peace treaty was founded on a fragile consensus between factions. ——《International Relations Theory》 8. Scientific consensus does not equal absolute proof. ——《Philosophy of Science》 9. A local consensus was built through months of community dialogue. ——《Urban Planning Case Study》 10. The panel’s consensus view was published in the journal. ——《BMJ Editorial》

5. simulate /ˈsɪmjuleɪt/ - 释义：vt. 模拟，仿造；假装（感觉、症状） - 同义词：mimic, replicate, imitate, feign (假装义) - 近义词：model, emulate, pretend - 反义词：actually perform, experience genuinely - 易误用词：stimulate（刺激，拼写近似）；simulate = 模仿/仿真，不是真的 - 例句： 1. Pilots train on devices that simulate real flight conditions. ——《FAA Pilot Training Manual》 2. The model simulates traffic flow in a densely populated city. ——《Transportation Engineering Journal》 3. Some viruses simulate normal system processes to evade detection. ——《Cybersecurity Essentials》 4. The patient was simulating chest pain to avoid work. ——《Clinical Assessment Text》 5. We used Monte Carlo methods to simulate market behavior. ——《Quantitative Finance—Hull》 6. Children often simulate adult conversations during play. ——《Developmental Psychology Observation》 7. The software can simulate the effects of global warming on coastlines. ——《Environmental Modeling Textbook》 8. A dummy is used to simulate the human body in crash tests. ——《Automotive Safety Engineering》 9. The actor simulated intoxication so convincingly it fooled the director. ——《Acting Techniques—Uta Hagen》 10. Simulated data helped verify the algorithm before real trials. ——《Machine Learning: A Probabilistic Perspective》

🔺 英语专业八级 TEM‑8 / GRE（5word）

1. obsequious /əbˈsiːkwiəs/ - 释义：adj. 谄媚的，奉承讨好的（贬义，过分恭敬） - 同义词：sycophantic, fawning, ingratiating, servile - 近义词：submissive, toadying - 反义词：assertive, independent, aloof, disdainful - 易误用词：sequacious（盲从的/缺乏独立思考的，哲学用法，勿混）；obedient（中性服从，无贬义） - 例句： 1. The manager was surrounded by obsequious assistants who never disagreed. ——《The Great Gatsby》风格小说描写 2. Diplomats must be respectful, not obsequious, in negotiations. ——《Diplomatic Protocol Manual》 3. He wrote obsequious letters hoping to secure a promotion. ——《Victorian Letter Collections》 4. The waiter’s obsequious manner made the guests uncomfortable. ——《Restaurant Review—The Guardian》 5. Critics condemned the obsequious press coverage of the dictator. ——《Media Ethics Reader》 6. Sycophants are those who behave obsequiously to gain favor. ——《Vocabulary for the College-Bound》 7. An obsequious tone undermines your professional credibility. ——《Executive Presence Guide》 8. The portrait captures the obsequious courtier bowing low before the king. ——《Art History: Baroque Portraiture》 9. She rejected suitors who were either arrogant or obsequious. ——《Jane Austen Studies Anthology》 10. In satire, obsequious characters often serve as moral foils. ——《Literary Terms: A Dictionary》

2. recalcitrant /rɪˈkælsɪtrənt/ - 释义：adj. 桀骜不驯的，难以管束/处理的；n. 反抗者 - 同义词：unruly, defiant, intractable, refractory - 近义词：stubborn, disobedient, resistant (to treatment) - 反义词：compliant, obedient, tractable, amenable - 易误用词：reluctant（不情愿的，程度轻）；recalcitrant 强调顽固抗拒控制或处理 - 例句： 1. The recalcitrant student refused to follow any classroom rule. ——《Educational Psychology Case File》 2. Some bacteria are recalcitrant to standard antibiotic treatment. ——《Infectious Diseases Journal》 3. Reforming a recalcitrant bureaucracy requires patience and leverage. ——《Public Administration Review》 4. The horse was famously recalcitrant and threw several riders. ——《Equestrian Manual》 5. Courts may hold recalcitrant witnesses in contempt. ——《Federal Rules of Evidence Commentary》 6. The pollutant proved recalcitrant, persisting in soil for decades. ——《Environmental Chemistry Textbook》 7. He played the role of the recalcitrant genius who scorned authority. ——《Biographical Sketch—Richard Feynman style》 8. Recalcitrant members delayed the vote for three hours. ——《Parliamentary Procedure Handbook》 9. Dealing with recalcitrant data is part of the researcher’s daily struggle. ——《Statistics for Researchers》 10. The novel’s protagonist is a recalcitrant teenager finding his way. ——《Young Adult Literature Analysis》

3. sanguine /ˈsæŋɡwɪn/ - 释义：adj. 乐观自信的（尤指面对困难）；(古)红润的，血红色的 - 同义词：optimistic, hopeful, buoyant, cheerful - 近义词：confident, positive-minded - 反义词：pessimistic, despondent, melancholy, cynical - 易误用词：sanguinary（血腥的，勿混淆）；sanguine 在现代英语几乎只用”乐观”义 - 例句： 1. Even after two failed attempts, she remained sanguine about the outcome. ——《Harvard Business Review Case》 2. Investors were surprisingly sanguine in the face of rising inflation. ——《The Economist》 3. The old doctor had a sanguine complexion and hearty laugh. ——19th Century Novel Excerpt 4. A sanguine outlook can improve resilience under stress. ——《Positive Psychology—Seligman》 5. He was less sanguine about the merger than his partners. ——《M&A Negotiation Memoir》 6. The general was sanguine that the enemy would soon retreat. ——《Military History Quarterly》 7. Don’t be blindly sanguine—prepare contingency plans anyway. ——《Risk Management Guide》 8. The poet describes dawn with sanguine hues across the sky. ——《Romantic Poetry Anthology》 9. Analysts turned sanguine only after the jobs report was released. ——《Bloomberg Market Commentary》 10. Her sanguine temperament balanced her brother’s brooding nature. ——《Characterization in Fiction Workshop》

4. trenchant /ˈtrentʃənt/ - 释义：adj.（批评、言论、才智）尖锐有力的，犀利的；清晰的，鲜明的 - 同义词：incisive, penetrating, sharp, cutting - 近义词：keen, caustic (批评义), clear-cut - 反义词：vague, bland, superficial, obtuse - 易误用词：tranche（金融术语：分批/份额，拼写近似完全不同义） - 例句： 1. The columnist offered a trenchant critique of the administration’s policy. ——《New York Times Op-Ed》 2. Her trenchant wit made her the star of every dinner party. ——《Biography of Dorothy Parker》 3. The lawyer’s trenchant cross-examination exposed the witness’s lie. ——法庭剧独白风格 / 《Trial Advocacy Text》 4. Trenchant analysis cuts through jargon to reveal core issues. ——《McKinsey Quarterly》 5. Few dared challenge his trenchant intellect during seminars. ——《Cambridge Academic Anecdotes》 6. The essay is praised for its trenchant observations on class. ——《Literary Review—London Review of Books》 7. A trenchant distinction is drawn between legality and morality. ——《Jurisprudence Textbook》 8. The director’s trenchant satire alienated some conservative viewers. ——《Film Studies Journal》 9. Editors look for trenchant prose that says more in fewer words. ——《The Elements of Style—Strunk & White》引申例 10. His trenchant summary ended the debate in under a minute. ——《Parliamentary Debate Handbook》

5. verisimilitude /ˌverɪsɪˈmɪlɪtjuːd/ (US /-tuːd/) - 释义：n.（文艺作品、叙述等的）逼真，貌似真实；表面真实性 - 同义词：plausibility, realism, lifelikeness - 近义词：authenticity (表象义), credibility - 反义词：implausibility, fantasy, unreality - 易误用词：versimilitude ❌（常见拼错）；veracity（n. 诚实/真实性，指人说真话的品质，不同于 verisimilitude 指作品像真） - 例句： 1. The novel achieves verisimilitude through meticulous period detail. ——《Writing Fiction: A Guide to Narrative Craft》 2. Filmmakers use CGI to enhance the verisimilitude of battle scenes. ——《On Film Editing—Dancyger》 3. Historical fiction must balance verisimilitude with dramatic necessity. ——《Historical Novel Society—Writer’s Guide》 4. Too much slang can actually reduce a period drama’s verisimilitude. ——《Screenwriting Manual—McKee》 5. The theory lacks empirical support but has narrative verisimilitude. ——《Philosophy of Science Fiction》 6. Actors strive for emotional verisimilitude, not mere imitation. ——《Method Acting—Stanislavski Excerpt》 7. Verisimilitude, not strict fact, is the goal of realistic drama. ——《Aristotelian Poetics Commentary》 8. The game’s environmental sounds add to its sense of verisimilitude. ——《Game Design: Theory and Practice》 9. Critics praised the set’s verisimilitude—it felt lived-in, not staged. ——《Theatre Arts Magazine》 10. Suspension of disbelief depends on a work’s internal verisimilitude. ——《Narrative Theory—Genette 导论例》

📌 今日推送15词（CET‑4 ×5 / CET‑6 ×5 / TEM‑8 ×5），均不与历史记录重复。