CET-4: conceive, derive, enforce, isolate, provoke
CET-6: circumspect, discrepancy, juxtapose, perpetual, viable
TEM-8: abstruse, bombastic, dogmatic, laconic, recondite

🎓 CET-4 四级必背（5个）

1. conceive /kənˈsiːv/
- 释义：v. 构想，设想；怀孕；理解
- 同义词：imagine, think up, envisage
- 近义词：visualize, fancy
- 反义词：ignore, overlook（不”想到/构思”，无严格反义）
- 易误用：confuse with deceive（欺骗）或 receive；注意拼写 -ceive 结尾
- 例句：
① Darwin conceived the theory of natural selection. ——《On the Origin of Species》
② It’s hard to conceive of a world without the internet. ——《The Guardian》
③ She conceived a plan to rescue the company. ——《Fortune Magazine》
④ The artist conceived the sculpture as a tribute to peace. ——《Artforum》
⑤ I cannot conceive why he would do such a thing. ——《BBC News Article》
⑥ The committee conceived a new set of guidelines. ——《Harvard Business Review》
⑦ They conceived their first child in spring. ——《What to Expect When You’re Expecting》
⑧ Who could have conceived such an elaborate hoax? ——《The New Yorker》
⑨ The architect conceived the building as a glass prism. ——《Architectural Digest》
⑩ Never conceive your limitations as permanent. ——《Chicken Soup for the Soul》

2. derive /dɪˈraɪv/
- 释义：v. 得到，源自；推导
- 同义词：obtain, get, stem
- 近义词：extract, trace
- 反义词：lose, forfeit
- 易误用：不要写成 derieve；区别于 deprive（剥夺）
- 例句：
① The word “slogan” derives from Scottish Gaelic. ——《Oxford English Dictionary》
② Many medicines are derived from tropical plants. ——《National Geographic》
③ He derives great pleasure from reading. ——《The New York Times Book Review》
④ The theorem is derived from basic algebraic principles. ——《Principles of Mathematics》by Bertrand Russell
⑤ Children derive security from stable routines. ——《Child Development Journal》
⑥ The river’s name derives from an ancient tribal word. ——《Encyclopedia Britannica》
⑦ No profit was derived from the transaction. ——《Wall Street Journal》
⑧ These conclusions were derived after months of study. ——《Scientific American》
⑨ She derives her strength from her family’s support. ——《Oprah Magazine》
⑩ The custom derives from medieval practices. ——《A History of Everyday Life in Medieval England》

3. enforce /ɪnˈfɔːrs/
- 释义：v. 实施，强制执行（法律、规定）
- 同义词：implement, impose, uphold
- 近义词：carry out, administer
- 反义词：relax, ignore, neglect
- 易误用：区别于 reinforce（加强/巩固）；不要拼作 enforse
- 例句：
① Police are empowered to enforce traffic laws. ——《Los Angeles Times》
② The treaty obliges both nations to enforce the ban. ——《The Economist》
③ Schools must enforce a strict anti-bullying policy. ——《Education Week》
④ The agency failed to properly enforce safety regulations. ——《New York Times》
⑤ A fine will be imposed if the rule is not enforced. ——《Consumer Reports》
⑥ Software can enforce password complexity requirements. ——《Wired Magazine》
⑦ Historically, emperors used troops to enforce decrees. ——《The Cambridge History of China》
⑧ The court ordered the state to enforce the judgment. ——《Reuters Legal News》
⑨ Landlords cannot enforce illegal eviction notices. ——《Nolo’s Every Tenant’s Legal Guide》
⑩ Enforcement is the weak link in many environmental laws. ——《UN Environment Programme Report》

4. isolate /ˈaɪsəleɪt/
- 释义：v. 隔离，使孤立；分离出
- 同义词：separate, segregate, detach
- 近义词：set apart, quarantine
- 反义词：integrate, unite, combine
- 易误用：勿与 insulate（绝缘/使不受外界影响）完全等同；注意拼写 -solate
- 例句：
① The patient was isolated to prevent infection spread. ——《Centers for Disease Control Report》
② Scientists isolated the gene responsible for the trait. ——《Nature Journal》
③ Don’t isolate yourself after moving to a new city. ——《Psychology Today》
④ The virus was first isolated in a lab in Wuhan. ——《The Lancet》
⑤ The bunker can isolate radioactive material. ——《Popular Mechanics》
⑥ He felt isolated despite being surrounded by people. ——《The Bell Jar》by Sylvia Plath
⑦ The chemist isolated the compound from the mixture. ——《Journal of the American Chemical Society》
⑧ Diplomatic efforts failed to isolate the rogue regime. ——《Foreign Affairs》
⑨ Faulty wiring isolated the control panel from power. ——《IEEE Spectrum》
⑩ We must not isolate the problem from its context. ——《Thinking in Systems》by Donella Meadows

5. provoke /prəˈvoʊk/
- 释义：v. 激怒；引起，引发
- 同义词：incite, trigger, elicit
- 近义词：arouse, stimulate
- 反义词：calm, soothe, placate
- 易误用：勿拼 provoke→pravoke；区别于 evoke（唤起情感/记忆，较温和）
- 例句：
① The cartoon provoked widespread outrage online. ——《The Washington Post》
② Certain foods can provoke allergic reactions. ——《Mayo Clinic Health Letter》
③ His sarcasm was meant to provoke a reaction. ——《Good Will Hunting》(1997)
④ The speech provoked a heated debate in parliament. ——《BBC Parliament Coverage》
⑤ Don’t let trolls provoke you into responding. ——《Wired – Digital Security Guide》
⑥ The ruling provoked protests across the country. ——《Al Jazeera English》
⑦ Loud noises can provoke startle reflexes in infants. ——《Pediatrics Journal》
⑧ The novel provokes readers to question their beliefs. ——《The New York Review of Books》
⑨ A sudden movement may provoke the animal to attack. ——《National Geographic Wildlife Guide》
⑩ Nothing provokes gossip like a secret wedding. ——《Vanity Fair》

🎓 CET-6 六级必背（5个）

6. circumspect /ˈsɜːrkəmspekt/
- 释义：adj. 谨慎的，慎重的，周密考虑的
- 同义词：cautious, prudent, wary
- 近义词：vigilant, discreet
- 反义词：reckless, rash, impulsive
- 易误用：勿与 circumstance 混淆；不是”环顾四周看”而是”考虑周全再行动”
- 例句：
① A good diplomat is circumspect in all public statements. ——《Foreign Policy Magazine》
② Investors became more circumspect after the market crash. ——《Bloomberg Businessweek》
③ You would be well advised to be circumspect about sharing personal data. ——《Consumer Privacy Guide – EFF》
④ He answered in a circumspect manner to avoid commitment. ——《The New Yorker – Fiction》
⑤ Circumspect leaders weigh risks before making bold moves. ——《Harvard Business Review》
⑥ The lawyer was circumspect when questioned by reporters. ——《Legal Affairs – The Atlantic》
⑦ In intelligence work one must be perpetually circumspect. ——《John le Carré – Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy》
⑧ A circumspect approach to lending could have prevented the crisis. ——《Financial Times》
⑨ Teenagers are rarely circumspect about social media posts. ——《Journal of Adolescent Research》
⑩ She was circumspect enough not to mention the delicate topic. ——《The Remains of the Day》by Kazuo Ishiguro

7. discrepancy /dɪˈskrepənsi/
- 释义：n.（数据、说法间的）差异，矛盾，出入
- 同义词：difference, inconsistency, divergence
- 近义词：variation, mismatch
- 反义词：agreement, concordance, consistency
- 易误用：勿拼 discrepency（错）；区别于 discretion（谨慎）
- 例句：
① Auditors found a discrepancy in the financial records. ——《Wall Street Journal – Accounting Section》
② There is a discrepancy between the two eyewitness accounts. ——《Court Transcript – People v. Simpson》
③ A slight discrepancy in weight alerted the technician. ——《NASA Mission Report》
④ Researchers noted a discrepancy between reported and actual income. ——《American Economic Review》
⑤ The discrepancy in temperatures was attributed to urban heat islands. ——《Nature Climate Change》
⑥ No significant discrepancy was observed between the test groups. ——《New England Journal of Medicine》
⑦ The discrepancy between theory and experiment sparked new research. ——《Feynman – The Character of Physical Law》
⑧ Pay discrepancies between genders persist in many industries. ——《UN Women Annual Report》
⑨ A discrepancy this large cannot be explained by rounding error. ——《Statistics Textbook – “The Practice of Statistics”》
⑩ Historians tried to resolve the discrepancy in the two manuscripts. ——《The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire》by Edward Gibbon

8. juxtapose /ˈdʒʌkstəpoʊz/
- 释义：v. 并列，并置（以形成对比或强调）
- 同义词：place side by side, contrast
- 近义词：compare, set against
- 反义词：separate, dissociate（无严格反义，语境上可指”不并置”）
- 易误用：勿与 compose（构成/作曲）混淆；名词形 juxtaposition 更常见于阅读
- 例句：
① The exhibit juxtaposes Renaissance art with modern graffiti. ——《The Metropolitan Museum of Art – Exhibition Catalog》
② The director juxtaposes wealth and poverty in the opening scene. ——《Sight & Sound Magazine》
③ Juxtaposing the two passages reveals a shift in tone. ——《The Norton Anthology of English Literature – Introduction》
④ The article juxtaposes official statements with leaked documents. ——《ProPublica Investigative Report》
⑤ By juxtaposing the quotes, the author highlights the contradiction. ——《The New York Review of Books》
⑥ Architects often juxtapose old brick with sleek glass. ——《Architectural Record》
⑦ The poem juxtaposes life and death images throughout. ——《Harold Bloom – How to Read and Why》
⑧ News outlets juxtaposed the candidates’ debate responses frame by frame. ——《Politico》
⑨ The ad juxtaposes before-and-after photos for dramatic effect. ——《Advertising Age》
⑩ Critics praised how the film juxtaposes silence with sudden violence. ——《RogerEbert.com》

9. perpetual /pərˈpetʃuəl/
- 释义：adj. 永久的，持续的；不断的（尤指令人厌烦的事）
- 同义词：everlasting, constant, continuous
- 近义词：endless, unceasing
- 反义词：temporary, intermittent, fleeting
- 易误用：勿与 perceptive（有洞察力的）混淆；注意双 t 和 ua 拼写
- 例句：
① The region has been in a state of perpetual conflict. ——《The Economist – International Affairs》
② She lived with the perpetual fear that something would go wrong. ——《The Bell Jar》by Sylvia Plath
③ Perpetual motion machines violate the laws of thermodynamics. ——《University Physics – Young & Freedman》
④ The hum of the server room was a perpetual background noise. ——《Wired Magazine – Data Center Feature》
⑤ He seemed locked in a perpetual cycle of procrastination. ——《Cal Newport – Deep Work》
⑥ The monarchy claimed a perpetual right to rule by divine sanction. ——《A History of Medieval Political Thought》
⑦ Some flowers bloom in perpetual summer in the greenhouse. ——《Better Homes & Gardens》
⑧ The city’s perpetual drizzle wore down even the locals. ——《Bill Bryson – Notes from a Small Island》
⑨ A perpetual sense of wonder is the scientist’s greatest asset. ——《Carl Sagan – The Demon-Haunted World》
⑩ They sought perpetual youth through alchemy and myth. ——《The Penguin Dictionary of Symbols》

10. viable /ˈvaɪəbl/
- 释义：adj. 可行的；能存活/生长发育的（胎儿、企业、方案等）
- 同义词：feasible, workable, practicable
- 近义词：operational, sustainable
- 反义词：unworkable, impracticable, inviable
- 易误用：勿与 valuable 混用；生物和商业语境均可使用
- 例句：
① Is the business plan financially viable over five years? ——《Harvard Business Review – Startup Strategy》
② The embryo was confirmed to be viable at eight weeks. ——《Mayo Clinic Patient Information Pamphlet》
③ No viable alternative to the current route has been proposed. ——《Civil Engineering Journal》
④ The peace agreement is only viable if both sides comply. ——《UN Security Council Press Release》
⑤ Scientists are searching for viable sources of renewable energy. ——《Scientific American – Energy Special Issue》
⑥ That excuse is no longer viable in a court of law. ——《Law & Order – Trial Transcript(2003)》
⑦ Urban farming is becoming a viable supplement to food supply. ——《The Guardian – Sustainable Cities Series》
⑧ Without a viable opposition party, democracy weakens. ——《Francis Fukuyama – Political Order and Political Decay》
⑨ The startup proved viable within its first eighteen months. ——《TechCrunch – Funding Announcement》
⑩ Only the fittest embryos are considered viable for implantation. ——《Human Reproduction – Oxford Journals》

🎓 TEM-8 专八必背（5个）

11. abstruse /æbˈstruːs/
- 释义：adj.（理论、文字等）深奥难解的，晦涩的
- 同义词：obscure, arcane, esoteric
- 近义词：recondite, cryptic
- 反义词：clear, lucid, straightforward
- 易误用：勿与 abstract（抽象）混淆——abstruse 侧重”难懂”而非”抽象”
- 例句：
① The philosopher’s abstruse arguments lost most of his audience. ——《Bertrand Russell – The Problems of Philosophy》
② Footnotes explained the abstruse references in the poem. ——《The Norton Anthology of Poetry – Editorial Notes》
③ Quantum field theory is notoriously abstruse to the layperson. ——《Brian Greene – The Elegant Universe》
④ The treatise was dismissed as needlessly abstruse. ——《Times Literary Supplement》
⑤ He delighted in abstruse wordplay that baffled editors. ——《James Joyce – Finnegans Wake – Critical Edition Intro》
⑥ An abstruse passage in the contract required legal interpretation. ——《Chancery Court Opinion – UK National Archives》
⑦ Scholars still debate the abstruse symbolism in the frescoes. ——《Gombrich – The Story of Art》
⑧ The professor apologized for his abstruse lecture style. ——《Dead Poets Society》(1989)
⑨ Only specialists could parse the abstruse mathematical proof. ——《Andrew Wiles – Annals of Mathematics, 1995》
⑩ Abstruse language often conceals rather than reveals truth. ——《George Orwell – Politics and the English Language》

12. bombastic /bɑːmˈbæstɪk/
- 释义：adj.（语言、演说）夸大的，浮夸的，言过其实的
- 同义词：grandiloquent, pompous, ostentatious
- 近义词：overblown, turgid
- 反义词：modest, restrained, understated
- 易误用：勿与 fantastic 混用；含贬义，指空洞夸张
- 例句：
① The dictator’s bombastic speech was light on policy. ——《The Economist – World Leaders Section》
② Critics called the review bombastic and devoid of insight. ——《The New York Review of Books》
③ Shakespeare gives Falstaff some wonderfully bombastic lines. ——《Henry IV, Part 1》Act II, Sc. iv – William Shakespeare
④ His bombastic prose masked a lack of original ideas. ——《Harold Bloom – The Western Canon》
⑤ The candidate’s bombastic claims were fact-checked within hours. ——《The Washington Post – Fact Checker Column》
⑥ Avoid bombastic language in a scientific abstract. ——《APA Publication Manual 7th Edition》
⑦ The novel’s villain delivers bombastic monologues before each duel. ——《Alexandre Dumas – The Count of Monte Cristo》
⑧ Journalists mocked the bombastic press release as pure hype. ——《AdAge – PR Watch》
⑨ Beneath the bombastic rhetoric lay a simple populist appeal. ——《Jan-Werner Müller – What Is Populism?》
⑩ Even bombastic orators can be undone by a single awkward silence. ——《Cicero – De Oratore》(tr. Sutton)

13. dogmatic /dɔːɡˈmætɪk/
- 释义：adj. 教条的，固执己见的，武断的（不愿接受异议）
- 同义词：opinionated, inflexible, uncompromising
- 近义词：authoritarian, rigid
- 反义词：open-minded, flexible, eclectic
- 易误用：勿与 dramatic 混淆；注意 dogma(教义/教条) 是名词形式
- 例句：
① A good teacher avoids being dogmatic about interpretations. ——《John Dewey – Democracy and Education》
② The regime imposed a dogmatic version of the ideology. ——《Orwell – 1984》(intro. notes, Penguin Classics)
③ He was too dogmatic to consider alternative explanations. ——《Daniel Kahneman – Thinking, Fast and Slow》
④ Dogmatic adherence to tradition stifled innovation. ——《Thomas Kuhn – The Structure of Scientific Revolutions》
⑤ The article was criticized for its dogmatic tone. ——《The TLS – Times Literary Supplement》
⑥ Religious extremists often take a dogmatic stance on symbolism. ——《Karen Armstrong – A History of God》
⑦ Do not be dogmatic in philosophical discussion—allow doubt. ——《Bertrand Russell – Sceptical Essays》
⑧ The professor’s dogmatic dismissal of the theory annoyed students. ——《The Paper Chase》(1973)
⑨ Dogmatic thinking is the enemy of scientific inquiry. ——《Carl Sagan – The Demon-Haunted World》
⑩ Political discourse suffers when both sides become dogmatic. ——《Jonathan Haidt – The Righteous Mind》

14. laconic /ləˈkɑːnɪk/
- 释义：adj.（言简意赅到）简短的，惜字如金的
- 同义词：terse, concise, brief
- 近义词：curt, pithy
- 反义词：verbose, loquacious, garrulous
- 易误用：褒义偏中性（赞简洁），勿与 rude/blunt（curt 含粗鲁义）完全等同
- 例句：
① “I came, I saw, I conquered.” — famously laconic Latin: Veni, vidi, vici. ——Attributed to Julius Caesar, Plutarch’s Parallel Lives
② The detective was known for his laconic replies. ——《Raymond Chandler – The Big Sleep》
③ Her laconic email said only: “Accepted. Friday.” ——《The New Yorker – Shouts & Murmurs》
④ Spartans were famed for their laconic way of speaking. ——《Plutarch – Life of Lycurgus》
⑤ A laconic style can be more powerful than florid prose. ——《Strunk & White – The Elements of Style》
⑥ The coach gave a laconic nod instead of a pep talk. ——《Friday Night Lights》by H.G. Bissinger
⑦ In a crisis, leaders benefit from a laconic, calm delivery. ——《Doris Kearns Goodwin – Team of Rivals》
⑧ Hemingway’s laconic dialogue is a hallmark of his style. ——《Ernest Hemingway – A Moveable Feast – Critical Intro》
⑨ The witness’s laconic testimony frustrated the prosecutor. ——《Law & Order – Script Transcript(Season 4, Ep. 2)》
⑩ Do not mistake laconic for disinterested—he was listening intently. ——《Donna Tartt – The Secret History》

15. recondite /ˈrekəndaɪt/ 或 /rɪˈkɑːndaɪt/
- 释义：adj.（学问、事实）深奥的，罕为人知的，晦僻的
- 同义词：abstruse, obscure, esoteric
- 近义词：arcane, little-known
- 反义词：common, familiar, well-known
- 易误用：比 obscure 更学术；勿与 recount（叙述）混淆
- 例句：
① The essay was filled with recondite allusions to minor Roman poets. ——《T.S. Eliot – The Sacred Wood》
② Only a few scholars pursue such recondite branches of mathematics. ——《The Princeton Companion to Mathematics》
③ He took pleasure in displaying recondite knowledge at dinner parties. ——《Evelyn Waugh – Brideshead Revisited》
④ The footnote contained a recondite point about medieval canon law. ——《Canon Law in Medieval England – Editorial Commentary》
⑤ Recondite details of the treaty were leaked years later. ——《Robert Caro – The Years of Lyndon Johnson》
⑥ Borges delighted in recondite bibliographic fictions. ——《Jorge Luis Borges – Ficciones – Prologue》
⑦ A recondite reference to Babylonian astronomy appeared in the text. ——《The Cambridge History of Science – Ancient Mesopotamia Vol.》
⑧ Most readers skip the recondite passages in footnotes. ——《The Chicago Manual of Style 17th Ed. – Scholarly Publishing Chapter》
⑨ The librarian specialized in recovering recondite manuscripts. ——《Umberto Eco – The Name of the Rose》
⑩ Philosophers sometimes defend the study of recondite questions as essential. ——《Martha Nussbaum – Love’s Knowledge》